E-Consultation Guide - User contributions [en]

Depth of Engagement

2008-05-21T10:22:12Z

Kennywong:

==Depth of Engagement==

Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.

In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made. Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref> Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).

[[Image:Typesofdecision1.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]

Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’. Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process. The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions. It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt. Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them. It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.

Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted. Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation. Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)

[[Image:Arnsteinladder.gif|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<br>
[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]

==References==
<references />

File:Typesofdecision1.JPG

2008-05-21T10:21:56Z

Kennywong:

Depth of Engagement

2008-05-21T09:33:24Z

Kennywong:

==Depth of Engagement==

Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.

In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made. Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref> Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).

[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]

Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’. Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process. The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions. It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt. Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them. It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.

Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted. Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation. Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)

[[Image:Arnsteinladder.gif|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<br>
[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]

==References==
<references />

File:Arnsteinladder.gif

2008-05-21T09:32:47Z

Kennywong:

Main Page

2008-05-14T12:27:10Z

Kennywong: /* A guide to e-consultation */

__NOTOC__
==A guide to e-consultation==
<div style="float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
Main Topics
</div>
*What is [[e-consultation]]? (an introduction).
**[[Benefits and costs]]
**[[What stakeholders want]]
**[[E-government|E-Government and Citizen's Participation]]
*[[Examples]] of e-consultation in practice.
*[[Participating]] in an e-consultation
**[[Depth of Engagement]]
**[[The Six Consultation Criteria]]
**[[Criteria for a Demoractic Process]]
**[[Criteria for a Deliberative Process]]
**[[Engaging participants]]
**How to participate
*[[Planning]] an e-consultation
**Consultation [[processes]]
**[[Technology]] for e-consultation
Prepared by the [http://www.e-consultation.org/ E-Consultation Research Project].
</div>

<div style="padding-left:10em; float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
First steps for:
</div>
*[[Policy makers]], commissioning an e-consultation.
*[[Organisers]], designing and managing one.
*[[Facilitators]] of one part of an e-consultation.
*[[NGO]]s and [[activists]]
*[[Technologists]]

<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 2px 2px;" >
Resources
</div>
*[[Issues]] listed at LYIT meeting
*[[Information Resources]] : what do we know?
*[[References]] to external resources
*[[Writing this guide]]
</div>

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

2008-05-14T12:26:31Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 6: Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.
# When consulting on a review of a policy area, ensure consideration is given to opportunities for reducing bureaucracy and regulatory burdens, for example simplification or repeal of existing regulations.
# Ensure that a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) is attached, where required, highlighting the costs, benefits and risks of the proposal. Respondents should be encouraged to comment on and challenge the assumptions in the RIA where one is included. For more guidance on RIAs please see http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/scrutiny/betterpolicy.htm
# Consider alternatives to regulations, such as voluntary codes, and encourage respondents to suggest alternatives when responding to the consultation exercise.
# Consider any unintended consequences of the proposal and ask respondents to highlight these in their response.
# When consulting, ensure that you ask about the practical enforcement and implementation issues of your policy, including asking respondents for alternative approaches to implementation. For guidance on implementation issues please see http://www.sbs.gov.uk/content/pdf/implementationguidelines.pdf
# More generally, seek to ensure that the Principles of Good Regulation are followed whenever policy is being developed. These are: proportionality; accountability; consistency; transparency; and targeting.
# For more information about these and their application, please see http://www.brtf.gov.uk/taskforce/reports/entry%20pages/principlesentry.htm

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/The_Six_Consultation_Criteria Return to the Six Consultation Criteria]

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

2008-05-14T12:26:09Z

Kennywong:

Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.

2008-05-12T14:46:59Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 5: Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
# Each department should have a nominated consultation co-ordinator, who should ensure that the consultation code is followed. They should act as an adviser to those conducting consultation exercises.
# Consultation should be evaluated for effectiveness, looking at numbers and types of responses, whether some methods of consultation were more successful than others, and how the consultation responses clarified the policy options and affected the final decision.
# This evaluation should be used to inform future consultations in the department, and lessons learnt can be disseminated across government.
# The consultation co-ordinator should collate information regarding how many national consultations the department has carried out and any deviations from the code, with the reasons given for these. This data should be available for the Cabinet Office to collate annually, and will be made available to the public.

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Ensure_your_consultation_follows_better_regulation_best_practice%2C_including_carrying_out_a_Regulatory_Impact_Assessment_if_appropriate. See Criterion 6]

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.

2008-05-12T14:46:41Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 4: Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced
the policy.
# Responses should be carefully and open-mindedly analysed. Do not simply count votes when analysing responses. Particular attention may need to be given to representative bodies, such as business associations, trade unions, voluntary and consumer groups and other organisations representing groups especially affected. In order to ensure that responses are analysed correctly, it is important to understand whom different bodies represent, and the methodology used to gain members’ input into the response.
# Particular attention should be paid to:
## possible new approaches to the question consulted on;
## further evidence of the impact of the proposals; and
## strength of feeling among particular groups.
# The consultation document should state the date when, and the web address where, the summary of responses will be published. As far as possible this should be within three months of the closing date of the consultation. Those without web access should be able to request a paper copy of this summary. Feedback should also be available in formats which are appropriate to the audience.
# The summary should give an analysis of the responses to questions asked: for each question there should be a summary of responses to that question and then an explanation of how it is proposed to change the proposal in light of the responses received. There should also be information provided on themes that came out of the consultation which were not covered by the questions.
# Wherever possible the summary of responses should also include a summary of the next steps for the policy, including reasons for decisions taken.
# Explain that information provided in response will be dealt with in accordance with the access to information regimes. These are primarily the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA), the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) and the Environmental Information Regulations (2004). Please refer to the accompanying Guidance on the Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/index.asp for more information.
# When providing copies of responses, it is legitimate to make a reasonable charge for copying and postage.

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Monitor_your_department%E2%80%99s_effectiveness_at_consultation%2C_including_through_the_use_of_a_designated_consultation_co-ordinator. See Criterion 5]

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.

2008-05-12T14:46:22Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 3: Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
# '''Clear''' - Use plain language: avoid jargon and only use technical terms where absolutely necessary. A consultation should be as accessible as possible. Explain complicated concepts as clearly as possible and, where there are technical terms, use a glossary.
# '''Concise''' - Provide an executive summary to the written consultation document that covers the main points of the document, preferably no longer than two pages. Even if the document is technical, ensure that the executive summary is accessible to all. Having read the executive summary consultees should be in a position to decide whether the consultation is relevant to them, and whether they need to read further.
# '''Accessible''' - Ensure that the consultation documents are available in paper format and with the fullest use of electronic means. They should be available and easily found on the internet from the day that the consultation is launched.
# Efforts should be made to bring the consultation to the attention of all interested parties. As well as using the internet you should consider publicising the consultation in ways most appropriate for the groups you wish to reach.
# Respondents should be able to respond electronically if they choose. Produce documents in electronic formats appropriate to achieving wide accessibility. Consider the range of electronic response methods to ensure that providing a response is simple, engages a broad range of people and encourages deliberation. Costs to users should never be such that they are an obstacle to effective consultation.
# Consider groups who cannot access traditional written consultations or the online versions of these. It may be necessary to produce the document in different languages, including, for example, Welsh. There may be some circumstances in which written consultation is not the best way to reach your target audience.
# With regard to equality issues, ensure that your consultation engages with the whole community. You may need to consider the format of the consultation to achieve this and to consider how to reach groups which could be overlooked. These groups could include black and minority ethnic communities, women or disabled people.
# Ensure that the consultation is suitable for the topic and groups involved. Certain issues may demand particular approaches to consultation: for example, discussion groups or meetings may be appropriate, especially where representative groups’ capacity to respond to formal consultation is limited and many bodies are seeking to consult with them.
# The consultation criteria should be reproduced in all consultation documents. Explicitly state that the consultation should abide by these criteria. Invite respondents to comment on the extent to which the criteria have been adhered to and to suggest ways of further improving the consultation process. Explicitly state whom to contact if respondents have comments or complaints about the consultation process. This should be someone outside the team running the consultation, and is likely to be the consultation co-ordinator for the department.

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Give_feedback_regarding_the_responses_received_and_how_the_consultation_process_influenced_the_policy. See Criterion 4]

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.

2008-05-12T14:45:56Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 2: Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked
and the timescale for responses.
# Ask focused questions, and be clear about the areas of policy on which you are seeking views. Responses that do not refer to the specific questions asked should still be accepted. Encourage respondents to provide evidence, where appropriate, to support their responses.
# Explicitly state any assumptions made about those who are likely to be affected by the proposed policy. Encourage respondents to challenge these assumptions.
# As far as possible, consultation should be completely open, with no options ruled out. However, if there are things that cannot be changed because, for example, they are part of a European Directive or due to prior Ministerial commitments, then make this clear. The risks and consequences of doing nothing should be outlined.
# If there are particular areas where respondents’ input would be especially valuable, make this clear as well. Responses are likely to be more useful and focused if the respondents know where to concentrate their efforts.
# Representative groups should be asked when responding to give a summary of the people and organisations they represent.
# Provide a list of consultees as an annexe to your consultation document and ask for suggestions of other interested parties who should be consulted. It may also be helpful to refer to any earlier or informal consultation.
# Clearly state the deadline for responses and any alternative ways of contributing to the process in the consultation document.
# Explicitly state both who to respond to and who to direct queries to, giving a name, address, telephone number and e-mail address. This may be the same person.

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Ensure_that_your_consultation_is_clear%2C_concise_and_widely_accessible. See Criterion 3]

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:45:34Z

Kennywong:

Criterion 1: Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include: stakeholder meetings;public meetings; web forums; public surveys; focus groups; regional events; and targeted leaflet campaigns.

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Be_clear_about_what_your_proposals_are%2C_who_may_be_affected%2C_what_questions_are_being_asked_and_the_timescale_for_responses. See Criterion 2]

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

2008-05-12T14:44:03Z

Kennywong:

Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.

2008-05-12T14:43:51Z

Kennywong:

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.

2008-05-12T14:43:36Z

Kennywong:

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.

2008-05-12T14:43:24Z

Kennywong:

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.

2008-05-12T14:43:13Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:42:59Z

Kennywong:

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

2008-05-12T14:42:31Z

Kennywong:

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.
# When consulting on a review of a policy area, ensure consideration is given to opportunities for reducing bureaucracy and regulatory burdens, for example simplification or repeal of existing regulations.
# Ensure that a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) is attached, where required, highlighting the costs, benefits and risks of the proposal. Respondents should be encouraged to comment on and challenge the assumptions in the RIA where one is included. For more guidance on RIAs please see http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/scrutiny/betterpolicy.htm
# Consider alternatives to regulations, such as voluntary codes, and encourage respondents to suggest alternatives when responding to the consultation exercise.
# Consider any unintended consequences of the proposal and ask respondents to highlight these in their response.
# When consulting, ensure that you ask about the practical enforcement and implementation issues of your policy, including asking respondents for alternative approaches to implementation. For guidance on implementation issues please see http://www.sbs.gov.uk/content/pdf/implementationguidelines.pdf
# More generally, seek to ensure that the Principles of Good Regulation are followed whenever policy is being developed. These are: proportionality; accountability; consistency; transparency; and targeting.
# For more information about these and their application, please see http://www.brtf.gov.uk/taskforce/reports/entry%20pages/principlesentry.htm

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

2008-05-12T14:42:20Z

Kennywong: New page: Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate. # When consulting on a review of a policy area, ensu...

Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.
# When consulting on a review of a policy area, ensure consideration is given to opportunities for reducing bureaucracy and regulatory burdens, for example simplification or repeal of existing regulations.
# Ensure that a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) is attached, where required, highlighting the costs, benefits and risks of the proposal. Respondents should be encouraged to comment on and challenge the assumptions in the RIA where one is included. For more guidance on RIAs please see http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/scrutiny/betterpolicy.htm
# Consider alternatives to regulations, such as voluntary codes, and encourage respondents to suggest alternatives when responding to the consultation exercise.
# Consider any unintended consequences of the proposal and ask respondents to highlight these in their response.
# When consulting, ensure that you ask about the practical enforcement and implementation issues of your policy, including asking respondents for alternative approaches to implementation. For guidance on implementation issues please see http://www.sbs.gov.uk/content/pdf/implementationguidelines.pdf
# More generally, seek to ensure that the Principles of Good Regulation are followed whenever policy is being developed. These are: proportionality; accountability; consistency; transparency; and targeting.
# For more information about these and their application, please see
http://www.brtf.gov.uk/taskforce/reports/entry%20pages/principlesentry.htm

Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.

2008-05-12T14:40:33Z

Kennywong: New page: Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator. # Each department should have a nominated consultation co-or...

Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
# Each department should have a nominated consultation co-ordinator, who should ensure that the consultation code is followed. They should act as an adviser to those conducting consultation exercises.
# Consultation should be evaluated for effectiveness, looking at numbers and types of responses, whether some methods of consultation were more successful than others, and how the consultation responses clarified the policy options and affected the final decision.
# This evaluation should be used to inform future consultations in the department, and lessons learnt can be disseminated across government.
# The consultation co-ordinator should collate information regarding how many national consultations the department has carried out and any deviations from the code, with the reasons given for these. This data should be available for the Cabinet Office to collate annually, and will be made available to the public.

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.

2008-05-12T14:39:05Z

Kennywong:

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced
the policy.
# Responses should be carefully and open-mindedly analysed. Do not simply count votes when analysing responses. Particular attention may need to be given to representative bodies, such as business associations, trade unions, voluntary and consumer groups and other organisations representing groups especially affected. In order to ensure that responses are analysed correctly, it is important to understand whom different bodies represent, and the methodology used to gain members’ input into the response.
# Particular attention should be paid to:
## possible new approaches to the question consulted on;
## further evidence of the impact of the proposals; and
## strength of feeling among particular groups.
# The consultation document should state the date when, and the web address where, the summary of responses will be published. As far as possible this should be within three months of the closing date of the consultation. Those without web access should be able to request a paper copy of this summary. Feedback should also be available in formats which are appropriate to the audience.
# The summary should give an analysis of the responses to questions asked: for each question there should be a summary of responses to that question and then an explanation of how it is proposed to change the proposal in light of the responses received. There should also be information provided on themes that came out of the consultation which were not covered by the questions.
# Wherever possible the summary of responses should also include a summary of the next steps for the policy, including reasons for decisions taken.
# Explain that information provided in response will be dealt with in accordance with the access to information regimes. These are primarily the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA), the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) and the Environmental Information Regulations (2004). Please refer to the accompanying Guidance on the Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/index.asp for more information.
# When providing copies of responses, it is legitimate to make a reasonable charge for copying and postage.

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.

2008-05-12T14:38:49Z

Kennywong:

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced
the policy.
# Responses should be carefully and open-mindedly analysed. Do not simply count votes when analysing responses. Particular attention may need to be given to representative bodies, such as business associations, trade unions, voluntary and consumer groups and other organisations representing groups especially affected. In order to ensure that responses are analysed correctly, it is important to understand whom different bodies represent, and the methodology used to gain members’ input into the response.
# Particular attention should be paid to:
## possible new approaches to the question consulted on;
## further evidence of the impact of the proposals; and
## strength of feeling among particular groups.
# The consultation document should state the date when, and the web address where, the summary of responses will be published. As far as possible this should be within three months of the closing date of the consultation. Those without web access should be able to request a paper copy of this summary. Feedback should also be available in formats which are appropriate to the audience.
# The summary should give an analysis of the responses to questions asked: for each question there should be a summary of responses to that question and then an explanation of how it is proposed to change the proposal in light of the responses received. There should also be information provided on themes that came out of the consultation which were not covered by the questions.
# Wherever possible the summary of responses should also include a summary of the next steps for the policy, including reasons for decisions taken.
# Explain that information provided in response will be dealt with in accordance with the access to information regimes. These are primarily the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA), the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) and the Environmental Information Regulations (2004). Please refer to the accompanying Guidance on the Code of Practice on Consultation
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/index.asp for more information.
# When providing copies of responses, it is legitimate to make a reasonable charge for copying and postage.

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.

2008-05-12T14:38:32Z

Kennywong: New page: Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy. # Responses should be carefully and open-mindedly analysed. Do not simply count votes...

Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced
the policy.
# Responses should be carefully and open-mindedly analysed. Do not simply count votes when analysing responses. Particular attention may need to be given to representative bodies, such as business associations, trade unions, voluntary and consumer groups and other organisations representing groups especially affected. In order to ensure that responses are analysed correctly, it is important to understand whom different bodies represent, and the methodology used to gain members’ input into the response.
# Particular attention should be paid to:
• possible new approaches to the question consulted on;
• further evidence of the impact of the proposals; and
• strength of feeling among particular groups.
# The consultation document should state the date when, and the web address where, the summary of responses will be published. As far as possible this should be within three months of the closing date of the consultation. Those without web access should be able to request a paper copy of this summary. Feedback should also be available in formats which are appropriate to the audience.
# The summary should give an analysis of the responses to questions asked: for each question there should be a summary of responses to that question and then an explanation of how it is proposed to change the proposal in light of the responses received. There should also be information provided on themes that came out of the consultation which were not covered by the questions.
# Wherever possible the summary of responses should also include a summary of the next steps for the policy, including reasons for decisions taken.
# Explain that information provided in response will be dealt with in accordance with the access to information regimes. These are primarily the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA), the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) and the Environmental Information Regulations (2004). Please refer to the accompanying Guidance on the Code of Practice on Consultation
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/index.asp for more information.
# When providing copies of responses, it is legitimate to make a reasonable charge for copying and postage.

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.

2008-05-12T14:36:47Z

Kennywong:

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
# '''Clear''' - Use plain language: avoid jargon and only use technical terms where absolutely necessary. A consultation should be as accessible as possible. Explain complicated concepts as clearly as possible and, where there are technical terms, use a glossary.
# '''Concise''' - Provide an executive summary to the written consultation document that covers the main points of the document, preferably no longer than two pages. Even if the document is technical, ensure that the executive summary is accessible to all. Having read the executive summary consultees should be in a position to decide whether the consultation is relevant to them, and whether they need to read further.
# '''Accessible''' - Ensure that the consultation documents are available in paper format and with the fullest use of electronic means. They should be available and easily found on the internet from the day that the consultation is launched.
# Efforts should be made to bring the consultation to the attention of all interested parties. As well as using the internet you should consider publicising the consultation in ways most appropriate for the groups you wish to reach.
# Respondents should be able to respond electronically if they choose. Produce documents in electronic formats appropriate to achieving wide accessibility. Consider the range of electronic response methods to ensure that providing a response is simple, engages a broad range of people and encourages deliberation. Costs to users should never be such that they are an obstacle to effective consultation.
# Consider groups who cannot access traditional written consultations or the online versions of these. It may be necessary to produce the document in different languages, including, for example, Welsh. There may be some circumstances in which written consultation is not the best way to reach your target audience.
# With regard to equality issues, ensure that your consultation engages with the whole community. You may need to consider the format of the consultation to achieve this and to consider how to reach groups which could be overlooked. These groups could include black and minority ethnic communities, women or disabled people.
# Ensure that the consultation is suitable for the topic and groups involved. Certain issues may demand particular approaches to consultation: for example, discussion groups or meetings may be appropriate, especially where representative groups’ capacity to respond to formal consultation is limited and many bodies are seeking to consult with them.
# The consultation criteria should be reproduced in all consultation documents. Explicitly state that the consultation should abide by these criteria. Invite respondents to comment on the extent to which the criteria have been adhered to and to suggest ways of further improving the consultation process. Explicitly state whom to contact if respondents have comments or complaints about the consultation process. This should be someone outside the team running the consultation, and is likely to be the consultation
co-ordinator for the department.

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.

2008-05-12T14:36:23Z

Kennywong:

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
# '''Clear''' Use plain language: avoid jargon and only use technical terms where absolutely necessary. A consultation should be as accessible as possible. Explain complicated concepts as clearly as possible and, where there are technical terms, use a glossary.
# '''Concise'''Provide an executive summary to the written consultation document that covers the main points of the document, preferably no longer than two pages. Even if the document is technical, ensure that the executive summary is accessible to all. Having read the executive summary consultees should be in a position to decide whether the consultation is relevant to them, and whether they need to read further.
# '''Accessible'''Ensure that the consultation documents are available in paper format and with the fullest use of electronic means. They should be available and easily found on the internet from the day that the consultation is launched.
# Efforts should be made to bring the consultation to the attention of all interested parties. As well as using the internet you should consider publicising the consultation in ways most appropriate for the groups you wish to reach.
# Respondents should be able to respond electronically if they choose. Produce documents in electronic formats appropriate to achieving wide accessibility. Consider the range of electronic response methods to ensure that providing a response is simple, engages a broad range of people and encourages deliberation. Costs to users should never be such that they are an obstacle to effective consultation.
# Consider groups who cannot access traditional written consultations or the online versions of these. It may be necessary to produce the document in different languages, including, for example, Welsh. There may be some circumstances in which written consultation is not the best way to reach your target audience.
# With regard to equality issues, ensure that your consultation engages with the whole community. You may need to consider the format of the consultation to achieve this and to consider how to reach groups which could be overlooked. These groups could include black and minority ethnic communities, women or disabled people.
# Ensure that the consultation is suitable for the topic and groups involved. Certain issues may demand particular approaches to consultation: for example, discussion groups or meetings may be appropriate, especially where representative groups’ capacity to respond to formal consultation is limited and many bodies are seeking to consult with them.
# The consultation criteria should be reproduced in all consultation documents. Explicitly state that the consultation should abide by these criteria. Invite respondents to comment on the extent to which the criteria have been adhered to and to suggest ways of further improving the consultation process. Explicitly state whom to contact if respondents have comments or complaints about the consultation process. This should be someone outside the team running the consultation, and is likely to be the consultation
co-ordinator for the department.

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.

2008-05-12T14:34:35Z

Kennywong: New page: Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible. # 'Clear' Use plain language: avoid jargon and only use technical terms where absolutely necessary. A consultation sh...

Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
# 'Clear'
Use plain language: avoid jargon and only use technical terms where absolutely necessary. A consultation
should be as accessible as possible. Explain complicated concepts as clearly as possible and, where there
are technical terms, use a glossary.
# Concise
Provide an executive summary to the written consultation document that covers the main points of the
document, preferably no longer than two pages. Even if the document is technical, ensure that the
executive summary is accessible to all. Having read the executive summary consultees should be in a
position to decide whether the consultation is relevant to them, and whether they need to read further.
# Accessible
Ensure that the consultation documents are available in paper format and with the fullest use of electronic
means. They should be available and easily found on the internet from the day that the consultation is
launched.
# Efforts should be made to bring the consultation to the attention of all interested parties. As well as using
the internet you should consider publicising the consultation in ways most appropriate for the groups you
wish to reach.
# Respondents should be able to respond electronically if they choose. Produce documents in electronic
formats appropriate to achieving wide accessibility. Consider the range of electronic response methods to
ensure that providing a response is simple, engages a broad range of people and encourages deliberation.
Costs to users should never be such that they are an obstacle to effective consultation.
# Consider groups who cannot access traditional written consultations or the online versions of these. It may
be necessary to produce the document in different languages, including, for example, Welsh. There may
be some circumstances in which written consultation is not the best way to reach your target audience.
# With regard to equality issues, ensure that your consultation engages with the whole community. You may
need to consider the format of the consultation to achieve this and to consider how to reach groups
which could be overlooked. These groups could include black and minority ethnic communities, women or
disabled people.
# Ensure that the consultation is suitable for the topic and groups involved. Certain issues may demand
particular approaches to consultation: for example, discussion groups or meetings may be appropriate,
especially where representative groups’ capacity to respond to formal consultation is limited and many
bodies are seeking to consult with them.
# The consultation criteria should be reproduced in all consultation documents. Explicitly state that the
consultation should abide by these criteria. Invite respondents to comment on the extent to which the
criteria have been adhered to and to suggest ways of further improving the consultation process. Explicitly
state whom to contact if respondents have comments or complaints about the consultation process.
This should be someone outside the team running the consultation, and is likely to be the consultation
co-ordinator for the department.

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.

2008-05-12T14:32:38Z

Kennywong:

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked
and the timescale for responses.
# Ask focused questions, and be clear about the areas of policy on which you are seeking views. Responses that do not refer to the specific questions asked should still be accepted. Encourage respondents to provide evidence, where appropriate, to support their responses.
# Explicitly state any assumptions made about those who are likely to be affected by the proposed policy. Encourage respondents to challenge these assumptions.
# As far as possible, consultation should be completely open, with no options ruled out. However, if there are things that cannot be changed because, for example, they are part of a European Directive or due to prior Ministerial commitments, then make this clear. The risks and consequences of doing nothing should be outlined.
# If there are particular areas where respondents’ input would be especially valuable, make this clear as well. Responses are likely to be more useful and focused if the respondents know where to concentrate their efforts.
# Representative groups should be asked when responding to give a summary of the people and organisations they represent.
# Provide a list of consultees as an annexe to your consultation document and ask for suggestions of other interested parties who should be consulted. It may also be helpful to refer to any earlier or informal consultation.
# Clearly state the deadline for responses and any alternative ways of contributing to the process in the consultation document.
# Explicitly state both who to respond to and who to direct queries to, giving a name, address, telephone number and e-mail address. This may be the same person.

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.

2008-05-12T14:32:00Z

Kennywong: New page: Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses. # Ask focused questions, and be clear about the areas of policy...

Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked
and the timescale for responses.
# Ask focused questions, and be clear about the areas of policy on which you are seeking views. Responses
that do not refer to the specific questions asked should still be accepted. Encourage respondents to
provide evidence, where appropriate, to support their responses.
# Explicitly state any assumptions made about those who are likely to be affected by the proposed policy.
Encourage respondents to challenge these assumptions.
# As far as possible, consultation should be completely open, with no options ruled out. However, if there
are things that cannot be changed because, for example, they are part of a European Directive or due to
prior Ministerial commitments, then make this clear. The risks and consequences of doing nothing should
be outlined.
# If there are particular areas where respondents’ input would be especially valuable, make this clear as
well. Responses are likely to be more useful and focused if the respondents know where to concentrate
their efforts.
# Representative groups should be asked when responding to give a summary of the people and
organisations they represent.
# Provide a list of consultees as an annexe to your consultation document and ask for suggestions of other
interested parties who should be consulted. It may also be helpful to refer to any earlier or informal
consultation.
# Clearly state the deadline for responses and any alternative ways of contributing to the process in the
consultation document.
# Explicitly state both who to respond to and who to direct queries to, giving a name, address, telephone
number and e-mail address. This may be the same person.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:30:44Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include: stakeholder meetings;public meetings; web forums; public surveys; focus groups; regional events; and targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:30:22Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include: stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:30:12Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:29:45Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:<br>
stakeholder meetings;<br>
public meetings;<br>
web forums;<br>
public surveys;<br>
focus groups;<br>
regional events; and <br>
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:29:21Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

# Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
#It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
#Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
#The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
#Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
#Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
#Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
#Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:29:02Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

## Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
##It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
##Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
##The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
##Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
##Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
##Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
##Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:28:54Z

Kennywong:

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

##Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
##It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
##Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
##The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
##Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
##Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
##Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
##Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:25:49Z

Kennywong:

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

##Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
##It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policydevelopment process.
##Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
##The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example during the summer holiday period.
##Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks, this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter period may also be appropriate.
##Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other methods of consultation.
##Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document, which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the consultation is as effective as possible.
##Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals, organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

2008-05-12T14:24:14Z

Kennywong: New page: #Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy. 1.1 Consultation is a continuous proces...

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.

1.1 Consultation is a continuous process that needs to be started early in the policy development process.
1.2 It is important to identify proactively relevant interested parties and those whom the policy will be likely
to affect. These groups should be contacted and engaged in discussion as early as possible in the policy
development process.
1.3 Informal consultation with these stakeholders should be conducted prior to the written consultation
period. Not only does this lead to a more informed consultation exercise but it also ensures that
stakeholders are engaged early and have a better understanding of the policy.
1.4 The formal consultation period should always include a written consultation exercise. This written
consultation period should be a minimum of 12 weeks. Departments should consider the specific
circumstances of their stakeholders and consider longer consultation periods at certain times, for example
during the summer holiday period.
1.5 Although there will sometimes be circumstances that require a consultation period of less than 12 weeks,
this should be the exception and should be avoided wherever possible. Such circumstances may be
timetables set out in statute; those unavoidably dictated by EU or other international processes; those
tied to the Budget or other annual financial cycles; measures where there is a health and safety or
security dimension; or some other urgent requirement for the introduction of new measures. Where
re-consultation takes place on the basis of amendments made in the light of earlier consultation, a shorter
period may also be appropriate.
1.6 Where a consultation takes place over a holiday period or lasts less than 12 weeks, extra effort should be
made to ensure that the consultation is still effective, by supplementing the written exercise with other
methods of consultation.
1.7 Where a consultation period is less than 12 weeks this must be highlighted in the consultation document,
which should explain the Minister’s reasons for this, and the extra efforts taken to ensure that the
consultation is as effective as possible.
1.8 Some stakeholders, for example small businesses, children, consumers and those from minority
communities, may be particularly difficult to reach. It is important to engage proactively with individuals,
organisations and trade associations. Written consultation is not the only or even always the most effective
means of consultation. Other forms of consultation may help in this process. These might include:
stakeholder meetings;
public meetings;
web forums;
public surveys;
focus groups;
regional events; and
targeted leaflet campaigns.

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:22:57Z

Kennywong: /* The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> */

Foreword by Tony Blair (2004)

:''Effective consultation is a key part of the policy-making process. People’s views can help shape policy developments and set the agenda for better public services. But we also need to make the process of consultation less burdensome and easier for people to engage with. We have made progress in recent years. In November 2000, I launched the Code of Practice on Written Consultation, which set out principles for departments to follow. This has been effective in raising both the quality and quantity of consultation carried out by government. We consult more extensively now than ever before. And, in the vast majority of cases, consultation periods are now at least 12 weeks long,enabling more time for responses and more people to be involved. But there is much more we can do to improve the effectiveness of the way we consult with stakeholders. This new, revised code will help focus those efforts. It is shorter and clearer, and strengthens the commitment to providing respondents with feedback and to following better regulation best practice in developing policy options. I encourage all departments and relevant public bodies to use it effectively.

== The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> ==

#[[Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.]]
#[[Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.]]
#[[Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.]]
#[[Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.]]
#[[Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.]]
#[[Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.]]

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:22:07Z

Kennywong: /* The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> */

Foreword by Tony Blair (2004)

:''Effective consultation is a key part of the policy-making process. People’s views can help shape policy developments and set the agenda for better public services. But we also need to make the process of consultation less burdensome and easier for people to engage with. We have made progress in recent years. In November 2000, I launched the Code of Practice on Written Consultation, which set out principles for departments to follow. This has been effective in raising both the quality and quantity of consultation carried out by government. We consult more extensively now than ever before. And, in the vast majority of cases, consultation periods are now at least 12 weeks long,enabling more time for responses and more people to be involved. But there is much more we can do to improve the effectiveness of the way we consult with stakeholders. This new, revised code will help focus those efforts. It is shorter and clearer, and strengthens the commitment to providing respondents with feedback and to following better regulation best practice in developing policy options. I encourage all departments and relevant public bodies to use it effectively.

== The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> ==

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:21:39Z

Kennywong: /* The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> */

== The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> ==

Foreword by Tony Blair (2004)

:''Effective consultation is a key part of the policy-making process. People’s views can help shape policy developments and set the agenda for better public services. But we also need to make the process of consultation less burdensome and easier for people to engage with. We have made progress in recent years. In November 2000, I launched the Code of Practice on Written Consultation, which set out principles for departments to follow. This has been effective in raising both the quality and quantity of consultation carried out by government. We consult more extensively now than ever before. And, in the vast majority of cases, consultation periods are now at least 12 weeks long,enabling more time for responses and more people to be involved. But there is much more we can do to improve the effectiveness of the way we consult with stakeholders. This new, revised code will help focus those efforts. It is shorter and clearer, and strengthens the commitment to providing respondents with feedback and to following better regulation best practice in developing policy options. I encourage all departments and relevant public bodies to use it effectively.

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:19:54Z

Kennywong: /* The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> */

== The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> ==

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:19:34Z

Kennywong:

== The Six Consultation Criteria<ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref> ==

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:19:08Z

Kennywong: /* The Six Consultation Criteria */

== The Six Consultation Criteria == <ref> Better Regulation Executive (2005) Code of Practice on Consultation www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/regulation/consultation/code.htm </ref>

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

==References==
<references />

The Six Consultation Criteria

2008-05-12T14:15:54Z

Kennywong: New page: == The Six Consultation Criteria == #Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy. #Be...

== The Six Consultation Criteria ==

#Consult widely throughout the process, allowing a minimum of 12 weeks for written consultation at least once during the development of the policy.
#Be clear about what your proposals are, who may be affected, what questions are being asked and the timescale for responses.
#Ensure that your consultation is clear, concise and widely accessible.
#Give feedback regarding the responses received and how the consultation process influenced the policy.
#Monitor your department’s effectiveness at consultation, including through the use of a designated consultation co-ordinator.
#Ensure your consultation follows better regulation best practice, including carrying out a Regulatory Impact Assessment if appropriate.

Main Page

2008-05-12T14:14:36Z

Kennywong: /* A guide to e-consultation */

__NOTOC__
==A guide to e-consultation==
<div style="float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
Main Topics
</div>
*What is [[e-consultation]]? (an introduction).
**[[Benefits and costs]]
**[[What stakeholders want]]
**[[E-government|E-Government and Citizen's Participation]]
*[[Examples]] of e-consultation in practice.
*[[Participating]] in an e-consultation
**[[Depth of Engagement]]
**[[The Six Consultation Criteria]]
**[[Criteria for a Demoractic Process]]
**[[Criteria for a Deliberative Process]]
**Who?
**How many?
**[[Engaging participants]]
**How to participate
*[[Planning]] an e-consultation
**Consultation [[processes]]
**[[Technology]] for e-consultation
Prepared by the [http://www.e-consultation.org/ E-Consultation Research Project].
</div>

<div style="padding-left:10em; float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
First steps for:
</div>
*[[Policy makers]], commissioning an e-consultation.
*[[Organisers]], designing and managing one.
*[[Facilitators]] of one part of an e-consultation.
*[[NGO]]s and [[activists]]
*[[Technologists]]

<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 2px 2px;" >
Resources
</div>
*[[Issues]] listed at LYIT meeting
*[[Information Resources]] : what do we know?
*[[References]] to external resources
*[[Writing this guide]]
</div>

Main Page

2008-05-12T14:13:42Z

Kennywong: /* A guide to e-consultation */

__NOTOC__
==A guide to e-consultation==
<div style="float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
Main Topics
</div>
*What is [[e-consultation]]? (an introduction).
**[[Benefits and costs]]
**[[What stakeholders want]]
**[[E-government|E-Government and Citizen's Participation]]
*[[Examples]] of e-consultation in practice.
*[[Participating]] in an e-consultation
**[[Depth of Engagement]]
**[[Six Consultation Criteria]]
**[[Criteria for a Demoractic Process]]
**[[Criteria for a Deliberative Process]]
**Who?
**How many?
**[[Engaging participants]]
**How to participate
*[[Planning]] an e-consultation
**Consultation [[processes]]
**[[Technology]] for e-consultation
Prepared by the [http://www.e-consultation.org/ E-Consultation Research Project].
</div>

<div style="padding-left:10em; float:left;" width="50%">
<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 3px 3px;" >
First steps for:
</div>
*[[Policy makers]], commissioning an e-consultation.
*[[Organisers]], designing and managing one.
*[[Facilitators]] of one part of an e-consultation.
*[[NGO]]s and [[activists]]
*[[Technologists]]

<div style="font-size:150%; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding: 2px 2px;" >
Resources
</div>
*[[Issues]] listed at LYIT meeting
*[[Information Resources]] : what do we know?
*[[References]] to external resources
*[[Writing this guide]]
</div>

Depth of Engagement

2008-05-12T14:03:31Z

Kennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */

==Depth of Engagement==

Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.

In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made. Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref> Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).

[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]

Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’. Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process. The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions. It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt. Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them. It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.

Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted. Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation. Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)

[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]<br>
[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]

==References==
<references />

Depth of Engagement

2008-05-12T14:03:11Z

Kennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */

==Depth of Engagement==

Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.

In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made. Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref> Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).

[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]

Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’. Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process. The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions. It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt. Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them. It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.

Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted. Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation. Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)

[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]
[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Deliberative_Process Criteria for a Deliberative Process]

==References==
<references />

Depth of Engagement

2008-05-12T14:02:38Z

Kennywong: /* Depth of Engagement */

==Depth of Engagement==

Whilst many of the examples of E-enabled systems found in the literature pay a great deal of attention to facilitating participants in the pursuit of meaningful dialogue around an area of shared significance, when we come to consider the reality of citizen participation in relation to policy- making, we must look through another lens as not all participation activities afford those participating a process that is open and transparent from beginning to end.

In any public consultation, the general objective will be to inform some kind of decision, but the degree to which public participation is likely to have influence is largely dependent on the type of decision to be made. Jones and Gammell (2004) <ref> Jones R. and Gammell E. (2004), White Paper: Was it worth it?—evaluating public & stakeholder consultation- London: The Consultation Institute </ref> offer a classification of the types of decisions that public bodies open to consultation (see Figure I below).

[[Image:Typesofdecision.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure I: Type of Decision to be Informed]]

Arnstein (1969)<ref name="arnstein"> Arnstein, S.R. July (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. AIP Journal </ref> offers a useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’. Eight levels of participation are presented in a ladder formation with each rung corresponding to the level of influence that citizen participation can have on the outcome of a consultation process. The ladder illustrates participation as a rising scale with incremental levels of citizen empowerment in decision making ranging from cosmetic activities through to full citizen control of the decision- making /planning process. As the level of participation increases, so too does the transparency of the process and the potential for creativity in arriving at solutions. It demonstrates the variations in scope and effect that consultation and participation activities can have, with each position on the ladder presenting very different challenges and demands on the consulting organisations and participants alike. Morison (2004) <ref> Morison, J. (2004). Models of Democracy: from representation to participation? In: D. Oliver and J. Owell, eds, Changing Constitution. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 144-170 </ref>. has emphasised that care should be exercised in choosing which position to adopt. Not promising more than can be delivered is especially important given that the political context of public consultation places additional burdens of accountability on those responsible for conducting them. It can be argued that this accountability could be a limiting factor in terms of an authority’s willingness to embrace new and innovative methods.

Upon examination, the type of participation characterised by Arnstein (1969) <ref name="arnstein" /> may share a relationship with the type of decision to be informed and ultimately the choice of process to be adopted. Figure II (shown below) illustrates how the decision type restricts the potential for increased levels of participation. Decision types at the lowest level of the ladder have not been open to suggestion or deliberation by the public, but may be based on research and internal dialogue. In terms of depth of citizen engagement, at best they seek approval and at worst they are manipulation. Decisions of an open-ended nature are less evident in practice. Whilst the language deployed suggests a potential for a large degree of influence from citizens, delegated power and citizen control are rarely found in practice. (Click the figure shown below to enlarge it)

[[Image:Figureiv.JPG|thumbnail|630px|center|Figure II: A useful typology for measuring the degrees of power and control between consulting public bodies and their citizenry deemed as ‘levels of participation’]]

[http://www.e-consultation.org/guide/index.php/Criteria_for_a_Demoractic_Process Criteria for a Democratic Process]

==References==
<references />